A) stress is experienced by most people as a pattern of physiological responses to real or imagined stimuli
B) stress and anxiety have attracted research interest in psychology
C) anxiety disorder may be defined as an emotional discomfort characterized by worry and tension
D) psychologists believe that stress is a much broader term than anxiety
E) 'stressors' are the environmental demands that people face under pressure

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İngilizce

---- the application of radioactive decay to dating rocks, British geologist Arthur Holmes ---- throughout the 1920s on trying

to understand the Earth's interior.
A) To have pioneered / had worked
B) Having pioneered / worked
C) Pioneering / could work
D) Being pioneered / would have worked
E) Pioneered / had been working

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İngilizce

Grey cats are said —— to Europe from Syria during the Crusades, and by the 18th century, one of these cats called 'Charteux' ——

well- established.
A) having been brought/ would become
B) to have brought/ was to become
C) to be brought/ has become
D) being brought/ became
E) to have been brought/ had become

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İngilizce

Walter Dill Scott of Northwestern University suggested that advertisers — certain fundamental principles on which —- a rational

theory of advertising.
A) can develop / constructing
B) had to develop / having constructed
C) could develop / to be constructed
D) should develop / to construct
E) might have developed / being constructed

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İngilizce

Teachers who group students for collaborative project work must ensure that each student has responsibility for part of the task

—.
A) so that parents can also help students to set more attainable goals
B) because academic motivation is important not only for schooling but also for the future
C) since feedback typically informs students whether they are correct or incorrect
D) so that the bulk of the work is not done by one or two students
E) as teachers might need to work with students to set realistic goals

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İngilizce

Your friend's son is getting married. You have been invited to the wedding, which will take place on the very day you are going

abroad on urgent business that cannot be postponed. So, to apologize, you call your friend and say:
A) I am sure there will be many people at the wedding. As for me, on the day of the wedding I will be travelling abroad on urgent business. I know you will understand.
B) I received your invitation. Yet, due to my forthcoming trip abroad on urgent business, I will not be able to attend your son's wedding. Clear?
C) This forthcoming business trip abroad that I have to make cannot be cancelled. So it will be impossible for me to attend the wedding.
D) Thank you so much for your invitation. On the very day the wedding takes place, I will be abroad for urgent business.
E) Thanks for the invitation. How unfortunate it is that the wedding coincides with my urgent business trip abroad, which I cannot put off! Therefore, I am indeed very sorry I can't attend the wedding.

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İngilizce

According to a World Bank report in 1993, the East Asian miracle, achieving high economic growth for all people, is due to a

combination of fundamentally sound development policies, tailored interventions, and an unusually rapid increase of physical and human capital. The more advanced economies in the Asian region are part of this success and have been referred to as high-performing East Asian economies. ——- In addition, these economies have displayed high per capita incomes, along with a much-improved income distribution, compared with most other developing economies.
A) Such economies have a record of high and sustained economic growth.
B) Poorer countries have greater difficulty than relatively richer countries climbing up the ladder of development.
C) The study suggests that economies with a strong inward focus could not succeed.
D) In contrast, the dramatic growth of the Asian tiger economies has been based on the export of manufacture goods.
E) Promoting trade is positively related to levels of per capita income.

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İngilizce

Although Immanuel Kant, one of the greatest thinkers in the history of philosophy, — many pieces of technical terminology to

articulate the themes of his critical philosophy, perhaps none —- more pervasive than a *priori*.
A) was introducing / was
B) introduced / is
C) had introduced / had been
D) used to introduce / has been
E) had been introducing / would be

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İngilizce

At a panel, you are discussing with another colleague the uses and abuses of nuclear power. You notice that your colleague

focuses completely on the benefits of nuclear power, without referring to a major problem, which is the safe disposal of nuclear waste. So you wish to draw attention to this problem and say:
A) You seem to be approaching the subject only from one angle and ignore the serious question of how to dispose of nuclear waste safely.
B) I fully share your views about the uses of nuclear power, and I think we should also look at the financial problems.
C) Certainly, nuclear power is cheap, clean and environmentally harmless. However, there are a number of problems about it and we have to consider them in detail.
D) I completely agree with you that the most serious question concerning nuclear power is how to get rid of nuclear waste.
E) As you have just indicated, the safe disposal of nuclear waste is a problem that needs to be discussed extensively.

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İngilizce

Even though the new methods of Samuel Christian Hahnemann-the creator and developer of the treatment called homeopathy-were

initially met with ridicule, —-.
A) the system was based on the idea that substances producing symptoms of sickness in healthy people would have a curative effect
B) homeopathic remedies used in holistic treatments were often a fraction of the cost of conventional drugs
C) by the time of his death, they were accepted over the world as a result of the great success he had with his new cure
D) he was disturbed by the medical system of his time, believing that its cures were crude and some of its strong drugs did more harm than good to
E) patients with the formation of the American Medical Association, which restricted alternative practices, homeopathy declined for half a century

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İngilizce

While children's literature specialists have begun to acknowledge the significance of modernity in texts produced for children

, ----.
A) children often relate modernism in literature only with science-fiction
B) critics think that there should be such a thing as modernist children's literature
C) mainstream literary studies of modernism remain ignorant of texts for children
D) cultural dynamics of modernism might contribute to children's literature
E) children's literature is a genre with its own independent traditions and development

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İngilizce

Although plants can be highly diverse in appearance, ----.

A) their leaves might come in different shapes and sizes depending on where they grow
B) most share characteristic structures such as leaves and roots
C) photosynthesis is a process in which plants capture and use the sunlight
D) their basic similarity can be confusing
E) seed plants are a highly diverse and widely distributed group

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İngilizce

Burials — an important role in the beliefs of the Lycians, for they cut hundreds of tombs into the cliff faces and crags that —

throughout the area.
A) should have held / will be seen
B) were able to hold / should be seen
C) had to hold / might be seen
D) used to hold / have to be seen
E) must have held / can be seen

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İngilizce

As the head of the department, you have recently noticed that a junior staff member is often late for work. So you wish to find

out why and send for him. In talking to him politely, you say:
A) I have warned you several times, and you still continue to come late. This is a serious offence that can never be tolerated. So be careful.
B) You know very well that you are always late for work and that this is intolerable. Let me warn you once again, and if you insist on being late, I'll have to take disciplinary action against you.
C) I am sure you are aware that it has almost become a habit with you not to get to the office on time. I wonder whether there is something that prevents you from being punctual.
D) I've been informed by some of your colleagues that every day you seem to be late for work. So I sent for you to talk it over and warn you once again.
E) Every day, you apologize for being late for work. I don't find your excuses very convincing. Unless you show up on time from now on, you'll be fired right away.

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İngilizce

A colleague of yours seems worried that the paper he is going to present at an international conference contains a great deal of

radical argument and that it may provoke the participants into strong objections and protests against his views. So you wish to lend your support for his views and encourage him to speak out confidently. You say:
A) I suggest you get rid of all these provocative ideas, since many people at the conference will oppose you vehemently and try to silence you.
B) Your views may be provocative and, therefore, displease others, but I know they are sound. So don't be discouraged.
C) It is incomprehensible to me why you should always attempt to provoke other people and, in a way, subvert the conference.
D) Everybody knows that you are a radical and always cause trouble at international academic gatherings. So I advise you to be careful.
E) This conference you are going to attend is not the right occasion for you to express your provocative views. I would advise you not to get involved in a row

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İngilizce

While the ultimate cause or causes of Alzheimer's disease are still unknown, ----.

A) other non-genetic causes have also been studied in relation to the causes of this disease
B) vitamin E, which is an antioxidant, can be of benefit for people with this disease
C) a person with the disease may forget the names of family members
D) there are several risk factors that increase a person's likelihood of developing the disease
E) the symptoms of this disease begin gradually, usually with memory lapses

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İngilizce

At a company meeting today, you are expected to present your report on the new trends in marketing. However, your little boy is

suddenly taken ill and, therefore, it will be impossible for you to attend the meeting. So you call the director and ask him to excuse you, proposing that you submit the report at the next meeting. You say:
A) Unfortunately, my little one is not well, and my apologies for not being able to attend the meeting. I should be grateful if you could excuse me, and I can present my marketing report at the next meeting.
B) I am afraid you will have to excuse me today since my little one is very ill. As for the report about marketing, I can present it any time you wish me to.
C) I am calling you to tell you that I cannot present my marketing report today at the meeting because my boy is seriously ill. I can definitely present the report at the next meeting.
D) Let me tell you right away that I won't be at the meeting today because of my boy's illness. My report on marketing is ready and can be presented at the next meeting.
E) Since my little boy is not feeling well, I have decided not to attend the meeting today. However, if you agree, I can present the report at the meeting next week.

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İngilizce

Fossils are remnants or traces of an animal or plant of a past geologic age that have been preserved in various ways in the

Earth's crust. From earliest times people must have seen fossils, but the first reports we have on the subject are from the ancient Greeks. Xenophanes of the early Ionian school is said to have noticed fossilised sea creatures high on mountains; he correctly interpreted this as meaning that these mountains had once been under water. --- For example, he associated the fossilised bones of large creatures with mythical animals or with giant humans.
A) In the 17th century, Nicolaus Steno argued persuasively that fossils are remains of living organisms.
B) In Roman times, Suetonius casually mentions that emperor Augustus kept a collection of large fossil bones in his villa
C) The famous scholar Avicenna put forward an idea that confused people about fossils for centuries.
D) Later, Herodotus reached the same conclusion regarding fossilized clam shells, but he misinterpreted other fossils.
E) Theophrastus, Aristotle's successor, is said to have written a book on fossils, which was lost later, where he refers to fossilised fish.

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İngilizce

----, such animal foods typically contribute only a small percentage to their annual diet, most of which is made up of ripe

fruits.
A) Because several species of primates show the ability to digest high-protein foods
B) Even if many smaller monkeys get as much as 65 percent of their diet from concentrated plant foods such as leaves and grasses
C) Though wild chimpanzees are known to hunt, kill, and eat small mammals, termites and ants
D) Since some plant-eating animals, such as deer, cows, or rabbits, show the tendency to consume animal proteins
E) Despite most monkeys and apes living in social groups which dictate the types of foods they should consume

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İngilizce

One of the greatest breakthroughs of the 17th century was to understand how and why things move and stop —, and the key to the

problem was that they slow down and stop only when something forces them –– so.
A) to be moved / having done
B) being moved / do
C) moving / to do
D) having moved / to have done
E) to move / doing

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